Study Explorer

Total Energy Expenditure and Water Turnover During a 322 Km Mountain Ultramarathon

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Field case study; doubly labeled water

One woman and one man completing a 322 km mountain ultra.

Is a Runner's Footfall Pattern a Risk Factor for a Running-Related Injury? Using Data from the 4HAIE Cohort Study

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Prospective observational cohort; one year

307 women and 431 men; 591 rearfoot, 147 non-rearfoot runners.

Neurophysiological and neuromuscular responses associated with the repeated bout effect following eccentric exercise in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis; 12 studies

Healthy adults undertaking repeated eccentric exercise.

Habitual non-rearfoot strike pattern attenuates impact loading during level and uphill running but not during downhill running

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Laboratory comparison of habitual strike groups across grades

21 rearfoot and 21 non-rearfoot runners.

Predictive factors for running economy in female recreational runners

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Cross-sectional running-economy study

61 female recreational runners aged 20–60

Preserving Sample, Interface, and Signal Fidelity in Wearable Sweat Electrolyte Monitoring During Exercise

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Methodological narrative review

Wearable sweat-sensor research; no pooled athlete trial

The effects of brain endurance training on physical endurance performance under mental fatigue and non-fatigued conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Systematic review of 10 randomized-trial articles

Athletes and healthy adults; 12 experiments, overlapping outcome samples

Positive Joint Work Redistribution in Running: The Role of Plantar Flexor Fatigue and the Effect of Advanced Footwear Technology

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Controlled acute running experiment

12 trained male runners

A randomized trial on thirst satiation during exercise in the heat: Effects on thermal strain, perceived concentration, and executive function

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Randomized repeated-condition cycling trial

12 men cycling in heat

Carbohydrate ingestion and visual or neural fatigue during prolonged exercise

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Double-blind randomized crossover trial

Nine men; three-hour cycling trials

Assessing running stability: a systematic review of methods

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Systematic methodological review

43 heterogeneous human-running studies

PMID 42711823

Identity only — methods and findings pending

From Macronutrients to Functional Foods: Nutritional Strategies for Recovery Following High-Intensity Exercise

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Structured narrative review

Physically active adults and athletes across exercise models

Leveraging wearables to safeguard workers in a hotter climate

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Perspective article

Sport monitoring translated to occupational heat settings

Which Training Intensity Distribution Intervention will Produce the Greatest Improvements in Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Time-Trial Performance in Endurance Athletes? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data

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Individual-participant-data review; 13 studies

296 men and 52 women; recreational and competitive endurance athletes.

PMID 40153564

Identity only — methods and findings pending

Effect of Strength Training Programs in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners’ Economy at Different Running Speeds: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

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Systematic review; 31 controlled studies

Middle- and long-distance runners; 472 men, 180 women; ages 17–45.

PMID 39405022

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Current opinion

Long-ultramarathon physiology; no pooled sample

PMID 40964543

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Systematic review with narrative synthesis

18 heterogeneous running publications

The Effect of Heat Stress and Dehydration on Carbohydrate Use During Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Systematic review and meta-analysis

51 studies; 502 participants, 31 women

^{13}C-labelled glucose-fructose show greater exogenous and whole-body CHO oxidation and lower O_{2} cost of running at 120 versus 60 and 90 g·h^{-1} in elite male marathoners

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Repeated experimental running conditions

Eight elite male marathoners

The Role of Sleep on Physical and Cognitive Performance of Ultra-Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review

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Systematic review; 16 predominantly observational studies

Ultramarathon athletes in varied event formats.

Physiological, nutritional, and thermoregulatory responses of a world-class mountain-ultramarathon athlete during the 2025 Western States Endurance Run 100

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Descriptive field case study

One elite athlete in Western States 100

Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Other Recovery Modalities on Athletic Performance Following Acute Strenuous Exercise in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

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Systematic review and meta-analysis

28 studies in physically active populations

Physical recovery modalities in competitive and elite endurance athletes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis finding limited evidence of benefit over passive recovery

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Systematic review of 16 randomized trials; 14 in networks

Competitive and elite endurance athletes across sports.

Sleep-related metrics that predict training intensity: an exploratory study in women's college athletics

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Exploratory two-week observational study

11 analyzed female college athletes from 15 recruited

Rethinking neurophysiology of delayed onset muscle soreness: updated concepts and mechanisms for mitigation across endurance, resistance, and plyometric exercise

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Systematic review with narrative synthesis

Endurance, resistance and plyometric exercise studies

Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations

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Narrative review and expert consensus

Athletes; not a single pooled participant sample.

Paper Tape Prevents Foot Blisters: A Randomized Prevention Trial Assessing Paper Tape in Endurance Distances II (Pre-TAPED II).

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Randomized within-foot prevention trial

128 multistage ultramarathon participants

A prospective randomized blister prevention trial assessing paper tape in endurance distances (Pre-TAPED).

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Randomized within-person prevention trial

136 enrolled; 90 analyzed in multistage ultramarathons

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

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Position stand; synthesis for single-stage ultramarathons

Single-stage ultra training and racing; multi-stage races excluded from its scope.

The Impact of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Dermatological Injuries on Nutritional Intake and Hydration Status During Ultramarathon Events

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Two observational event cohorts; complete-case analysis

54 multi-stage and 22 continuous 24-hour runners analyzed; 99 initially consented.

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia: 2017 Update

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Clinical narrative review

Exercise-associated hyponatremia; heterogeneous endurance settings.

Metabolic effects of carbon-plated running shoes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of crossover shoe comparisons

14 studies, 271 runners overall, mostly men

Effects of Low-Intensity Endurance Training on Aerobic Fitness and Risk Factors of Cardiometabolic Health in Working-Age Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized endurance interventions

50 studies; predominantly untrained adults

Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials

Healthy non-obese adults across protein trials

Effects of tapering on performance in endurance athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Systematic review and meta-analysis

14 studies of trained endurance athletes, mostly men

Comparison of Polarized Versus Other Types of Endurance Training Intensity Distribution on Athletes' Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled training comparisons

17 studies; 437 endurance participants overall

Meta-Analysis of Carbohydrate Solution Intake during Prolonged Exercise in Adults: From the Last 45+ Years' Perspective

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of carbohydrate-solution trials

96 studies with varied adult exercise samples

The Impact of Sleep Interventions on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review

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Systematic review of sleep interventions

25 studies across athlete populations

Performance Changes Following Heat Acclimation and the Factors That Influence These Changes: Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

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Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

35 heat-acclimation studies; outcome samples differ

The Effect of Gut-Training and Feeding-Challenge on Markers of Gastrointestinal Status in Response to Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Literature Review

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Systematic literature review

Eight heterogeneous endurance-exercise studies

The Effect of Strength Training Methods on Middle-Distance and Long-Distance Runners’ Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

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Systematic review and meta-analysis

38 studies; 894 middle- and long-distance runners

Variability in Running Economy of Kenyan World-Class and European Amateur Male Runners with Advanced Footwear Running Technology

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Within-runner laboratory comparisons and post-hoc meta-analysis

Seven elite and seven amateur male runners

The training intensity distribution among well-trained and elite endurance athletes

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Focused review of training logs and intervention studies

Well-trained and elite athletes across endurance sports

Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion

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Narrative review

Athletes and active adults after prolonged exercise

The Impact of Sleep Interventions on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review

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Systematic review of 25 intervention studies

25 studies across 17 sports, mostly men

Consensus Recommendations on Training and Competing in the Heat

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Expert consensus informed by physiological research

Athletes competing in heat

Compatibility of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training for Skeletal Muscle Size and Function: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of supervised training

43 studies of healthy adults with supervised training

Identification of subject-specific responses to footwear during running

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Laboratory biomechanics and machine-learning classification

30 healthy physically active young men

Running shoes for preventing lower limb running injuries in adults

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Cochrane systematic review of randomized and quasi-randomized trials

12 trials overall; posture subgroup was military recruits

Effects of high-intensity interval training on aerobic capacity and athletic performance in trained athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled training studies

18 studies; 518 athletes overall

The effect of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance revisited: A systematic review with meta-analysis

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of acute recovery studies

68 acute recovery studies with mixed exercise populations

Performance Changes Following Heat Acclimation and the Factors That Influence These Changes: Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

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Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

35 studies, predominantly male samples

Adaptations and mechanisms of human heat acclimation: Applications for competitive athletes and sports

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Narrative review

Exercise-heat research across athlete settings

Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

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Narrative review of human downhill running

Trained and untrained human runners

Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Risks and Benefits

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Narrative review

Human eccentric-exercise research and supporting animal mechanisms

The Impact of Sex and Performance Level on Pacing Behavior in a 24-h Ultramarathon

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Observational analysis of race data

51 selected runners in one 24-hour track race

The Manipulation of Pace within Endurance Sport

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Mini review

Endurance athletes in laboratory and field studies

International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance

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Position stand and narrative evidence review

Trained and untrained adults in varied exercise studies

Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 Hours before Going to Bed

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Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial

12 healthy sleepers, six women and six men

Gut-training: the impact of two weeks repetitive gut-challenge during exercise on gastrointestinal status, glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance

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Randomized controlled trial

25 runners across three groups

Effects of Acute Sleep Loss on Physical Performance: A Systematic and Meta-Analytical Review

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Systematic review and meta-analysis

77 studies, 959 participants; endurance subset differs

Interindividual Variability in Mental Fatigue-Related Impairments in Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Multiple Meta-regression

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Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

28 studies; 23 meta-analyzed, 437 participants

Correction: Mental Fatigue Might be Not So Bad for Exercise Performance After All: A Systematic Review and Bias-Sensitive Meta-Analysis

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Correction and bias-sensitive re-analysis

Corrected endurance analysis of 23 effects

Exercise in Hypoxic Environments: An Overview of Systematic Reviews on Performance, Physiological Adaptation, and Clinical Implications

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Overview of systematic reviews

28 reviews of adults exposed to hypoxia

Pacing and placing in 161-km ultramarathons: Effects of sex and age

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Observational analysis of public race results

Finishers across 56 editions of six approximately 161-km races

Strength and Speed Training Practices for Olympic Endurance Sports: Insights From World-Class Coaches

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Multiple case study of coaching practice

12 successful male Norwegian endurance coaches

Common Risk Factors for Knee Injuries in Runners: A Systematic Review

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Systematic review of risk-factor studies

20 studies of adult endurance runners with young-population selection

Decoding Neuromuscular Fatigue in Trail Running: A Systematic Review Across Distances and Sex Differences

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Systematic review

24 studies; 674 trail runners, mostly men

Project FURTHER: A Physiological, Biomechanical, and Psychosocial Profile of an All-Female 6-Day Ultramarathon Race

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Descriptive multidisciplinary field study

Ten women in a supported six-day race

Nutrition practices and race experiences of ultra-marathon athletes in the marathon des sables, a qualitative analysis

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Qualitative longitudinal interview study

Five Marathon des Sables runners, four men

The Comrades Marathon: a narrative review of physiological responses and health implications in the world’s oldest ultra-marathon

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Narrative synthesis with systematic search

42 field-study and case-report publications on Comrades runners

Fuelled or Fooled? Examining the Evidence and Mechanisms Behind Ultra-High Carbohydrate Intake in Endurance Athletes

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Current opinion and narrative mechanistic appraisal

Adult endurance athletes across heterogeneous studies

Exploration of Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome in Endurance-Trained Adolescents: Is There Cause for Concern in Regard to Ultra-endurance Event Participation

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Between-group laboratory exercise experiment

12 trained adolescents and 12 adults

Strength Training Improves Running Economy Durability and Fatigued High-Intensity Performance in Well-Trained Male Runners: A Randomized Control Trial

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Randomized controlled training trial

28 well-trained male runners, 14 per arm

Comparative Effects of Circuit Training, High-Intensity Interval Training, and Combined Training on Performance and Neuromuscular Function in Masters Trail Runners

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Three-arm randomized training trial

40 masters trail runners aged 35–55

Sleep disturbances after an ultra-trail endurance race: a field study

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Observational pre/post-race field study

18 runners, three women, in one 64-km mountain race

Evaluation of lung function and airway impedance in response to ultra-marathon

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Observational pre/post-race field study

57 trail runners, 49 men and eight women

Exploring the Role of Footwear in Trail Running and Hiking: A Scoping Review

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Scoping review

16 studies, 13 focused on trail running

Pain Sensitivity, Pain Catastrophizing and Fear-Avoidance in Adult Runners: Injured vs. Uninjured Comparisons and Multivariable Associations

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Cross-sectional questionnaire study

235 runners; 91 classified injured by questionnaire

Psychological traits associated with mental and performance resilience in long-distance and ultra-endurance runners: a systematic review

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53 studies; predominantly observational, with qualitative and mixed-methods work.

Mixed distance-running populations.

Psychological skills and mindfulness for distance runners: a systematic review of performance, psychological outcomes, and implications for coaching practice

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15 evidence units: 11 psychological-skills and four mindfulness interventions; heterogeneous designs and outcomes.

Mixed distance-running populations.

Sweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability

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Narrative review of sweat-measurement methods.

Athletes across sports; not a single trial population.

Gut-training: the impact of two weeks repetitive gut-challenge during exercise on gastrointestinal status, glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance

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Randomized carbohydrate-practice versus placebo study over two weeks.

25 endurance runners; sex and age distribution not established from the retrieved abstract.

Validation of Aerobic Capacity (VO2max) and Pulse Oximetry in Wearable Technology

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Validation study against laboratory respiratory measurement.

19 apparently healthy active and sedentary participants for VO2max.

Durability as an index of endurance exercise performance: Methodological considerations

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Methodological review of durability profiling.

Endurance research spanning different exercise modes; substantial cycling evidence.

Field-based tests for determining critical speed among runners and its practical application: a systematic review

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Systematic review with 19 included studies.

Runners in field-testing studies; aggregate sex and age details not extracted.

Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?

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Applied review of heart-rate monitoring and interpretation.

Athletes across sports; not a single sample or modern-device trial.

Lactate threshold concepts: How valid are they?

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Review of lactate-threshold concepts and validity.

Endurance-performance studies; aggregate population details not established from the abstract.

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

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Position stand; synthesis of training and single-stage ultra nutrition literature.

Ultra runners and supporting general endurance studies; sex/age representation varies.

ISSN position stand: protein and exercise

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Position stand reviewing protein and exercise studies.

Healthy exercising people; much mechanistic work concerns resistance exercise.

IOC consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

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IOC consensus abstract; 2024 correction linked.

Female and male athletes; study-specific representation not extracted from abstract.

ISSN position stand: caffeine and exercise performance

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ISSN literature-based position stand.

Trained and untrained adults across exercise modes; subgroup evidence varies.

Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Endurance Performance in a Trained Population

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Meta-analysis of 13 placebo-controlled experimental studies; publisher abstract accessed.

Trained participants; detailed sex and age distribution unavailable in retrieved abstract.

Dietary Inorganic Nitrate as an Ergogenic Aid: Modified Delphi Consensus

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Three-round modified Delphi with 12 experts and 222 statements.

Expert synthesis of exercising populations; women underrepresented in underlying literature.

Beta-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance

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Systematic review/meta-analysis; indexed abstract retrieved, full text not obtained.

40 studies, 1461 participants; detailed subgroup breakdown not available in inspected extraction.

NIH ODS: Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance

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Government professional evidence summary with ingredient-specific references.

Multiple exercise populations; often small, short studies and young men.

AIS Sports Supplement Framework

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Official expert supplement classification framework.

High-performance sport contexts; not one trial population.

AIS Group C

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Current official Group C classification page.

Athlete supplement programs; not a deficiency-treatment population.

NIH ODS: Magnesium

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Government micronutrient and safety fact sheet.

General population; older adults and renal impairment specifically discussed.

NIH ODS: Iron

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Government micronutrient and safety fact sheet.

General population including menstruating people and dietary-risk groups.

AIS: Fish oils

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Official AIS fish-oil evidence/practice overview.

Mixed general and sports literature; no single ultra cohort.

USADA: How to Reduce Your Risk from Supplements

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Official anti-doping risk guidance, not a performance trial.

Athletes considering supplements.

NIH ODS: Omega-3 Fatty Acids

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Government professional nutrition and safety summary.

General and clinical populations; not an ultra-performance trial.

How much running is too much? Identifying high-risk running sessions in a 5200-person cohort study

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18-month prospective observational cohort.

5,205 adult runners; 22% women; predominantly European and North American.

International Delphi consensus on bone stress injuries in athletes

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Modified Delphi consensus; agreement on 41 of 58 statements.

41 initial international expert and stakeholder panellists; concerns athletes with bone stress injuries.

2023 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)

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IOC expert consensus using evidence synthesis and voting.

Female and male athletes; the clinical framework targets developing to world-class athletes.

A single bout of downhill running attenuates subsequent level running-induced fatigue

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Randomized laboratory comparison with downhill exposure before a later level run.

27 male college students.

Sprains and strains

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Official NHS patient guidance, reviewed April 2024.

People with possible sprains or strains; not a study sample.

Best practice guide for patellofemoral pain based on synthesis of a systematic review, the patient voice and expert clinical reasoning

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Best-practice synthesis of 65 RCTs, patient interviews and expert reasoning.

3,796 trial participants; 12 patient and 19 expert interviews.

Dutch multidisciplinary guideline on Achilles tendinopathy

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Multidisciplinary guideline with patient involvement; literature searched to May 2019.

Adults with Achilles tendinopathy across sporting and non-sporting settings.

International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing

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Position stand.

Healthy exercising adults; many underlying studies studied men.

The metabolic costs of walking and running up a 30-degree incline: implications for vertical kilometer foot races

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Acute within-participant laboratory comparison.

11 experienced runners: 7 men, 4 women.

ACSM Expert Consensus Statement: Injury Prevention and Exercise Performance during Cold-Weather Exercise

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Expert consensus across heterogeneous cold-exposure evidence.

Mixed sport, occupational and laboratory contexts; no single ultra cohort.

Preparation for Endurance Competitions at Altitude: Physiological, Psychological, Dietary and Coaching Aspects. A Narrative Review

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Narrative review of altitude preparation and acclimatization.

Healthy individuals and athletes across heterogeneous studies, including small trained male cohorts.

Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review

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Systematic review of 56 studies, using established wellbeing self-report measures and concurrent objective measures.

Athletes in training across multiple sports and levels; no single ultra population.

The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Exercise Performance in Eumenorrheic Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Systematic review of 78 studies with Bayesian meta-analysis; searches updated April 2020.

Healthy eumenorrheic women aged 18–40, without hormonal contraception; varied training status.

Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms

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Narrative physiological review of endurance performance in masters athletes; not a training intervention trial.

Masters endurance athletes; the independently retrieved abstract does not report complete sample or subgroup details.

Neuromuscular Consequences of an Extreme Mountain Ultra-Marathon

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Uncontrolled pre/post field study of 22 male finishers; 11 participated in recovery follow-up.

Experienced male ultrarunners completing a 166 km mountain event with 9500 m ascent and descent.

The Heel-Strike Fallacy and Cadence Beliefs in Distance Running: A Narrative Review.

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Narrative review

Distance runners across cited studies; no pooled sample reported in the abstract.

Exploring running classifications using foot inclination angle and ground reaction force clustering methods: Do traditional foot strike categories capture meaningful patterns in ground reactions forces?

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Cross-sectional biomechanics study

103 collegiate cross-country runners, including 47 men.

Running style and stability during uphill running are largely preserved with increasing shoe sole thickness.

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Within-runner laboratory shoe comparison

17 experienced male runners.

How much running is too much? Identifying high-risk running sessions in a 5200-person cohort study

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18-month prospective observational cohort

Adult recreational runners; observational cohort.

Effects of Aging on Determinants of Endurance Performance in Women Masters Athletes: A Scoping Review

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Scoping review; 29 studies

Women masters athletes; scoping review.

Frequency and perceived influence of menopausal symptoms on training and performance in female endurance athletes

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Cross-sectional online survey

Female endurance athletes; cross-sectional survey.

IOC consensus statement on recommendations and regulations for sport events in the heat

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IOC expert consensus across sports, athletes, organizers and medical teams; journal issue 2023, DOI/publication origin 2022.

Athletes and event organizers across sports; expert consensus.

Determinants of Physiological Resilience Among Recreational-To-Competitive Endurance Runners

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Cross-sectional: 45 recruited, 33 analyzed (15 competitive/18 recreational); approximately 2.5 h moderate treadmill protocol, no exogenous energy during run; published 23 July 2026.

Recreational to competitive runners; laboratory observations.

Durability of physiological and biomechanical variables during a marathon

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Observational 69 marathon runners, foot accelerometer plus HR; median finish 224 min.

Marathon runners; wearable observations.

Protein Nutrition for Endurance Athletes: A Metabolic Focus on Promoting Recovery and Training Adaptation

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Narrative review of metabolic studies

Endurance athletes; mainly small male metabolic studies.

Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia: 2019 Update

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Graded expert clinical practice guideline, 2019 update published 2020

Endurance and wilderness exertion; graded clinical guideline.

Strategic Application of Post-exercise Cold-Water Immersion to Enhance Performance Recovery and Adaptation: An Umbrella Review of 15 Published Systematic Reviews with Meta-analysis

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Umbrella review of 15 systematic reviews/meta-analyses, 161 unique studies

Mixed sport studies; umbrella review.

Criteria and Guidelines for Returning to Running Following a Tibial Bone Stress Injury: A Scoping Review

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Scoping review of 50 papers; 39 reviews/commentaries

Return after tibial bone stress injury; scoping review.

Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running

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Three-dimensional muscle-actuated simulation from a single healthy male running at 3.96 m/s.

One healthy male at one treadmill running speed; simulation-based muscle contribution estimates.

Mechanics, energetics and implementation of grounded running technique: a narrative review

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

The spring-mass model for running and hopping

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

Speed-specific optimal contractile conditions of the human soleus muscle from slow to maximum running speed

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Fourteen young men with sprint-related experience; treadmill speeds from 3.0 m/s to individual maximum.

The Relationship Between Running Biomechanics and Running Economy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

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Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

Effects of step rate manipulation on joint mechanics during running

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

The metabolic cost of human running: is swinging the arms worth it?

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

Swing-leg retraction: a simple control model for stable running

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

What are the Benefits and Risks Associated with Changing Foot Strike Pattern During Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Injury, Running Economy, and Biomechanics

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Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

Ground reaction force metrics are not strongly correlated with tibial bone load when running across speeds and slopes: Implications for science, sport and wearable tech

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

Biomechanics and Physiology of Uphill and Downhill Running

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

Effects of running-induced fatigue on joint kinematics and kinetics during overground running: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

Gait Retraining for the Reduction of Injury Occurrence in Novice Distance Runners: 1-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

The Effect of Wearable-Based Real-Time Feedback on Running Injuries and Running Performance: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

What is the Effect of Changing Running Step Rate on Injury, Performance and Biomechanics? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Extracted

Published running study or review; the source record states abstract/full-text access.

Source-specific population or biomechanical model; not a trial of this curriculum.

The biomechanics of running

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Narrative review of running biomechanics

Narrative running gait literature review; no single trial sample.

Ventilatory thresholds are detectable using DFA-α1 at group level but not individual level during swimming, cycling and running.

Extracted

Within-participant laboratory comparison

17 trained triathletes (13 men, 4 women)

CrossAcclimation and Endurance Performance Following Adaptation to Dry and Humid Heat.

Extracted

Crossover heat-acclimation laboratory study

Trained male cyclists; dry-acclimation condition n=10, humid-acclimation condition n=12; unique participant total not established from abstract

Combined Effects of Sports Bra Support and Running Shoe Cushioning Influence Breast and Running Biomechanics in Female Runners.

Extracted

Four-condition within-runner laboratory comparison

27 recreational female runners

Carbohydrate Intake of 100 vs. 60 g·h⁻¹ During Prolonged Cycling Improves Durability Without Altering Muscle Glycogen Utilization in Male Endurance Athletes.

Extracted

Randomized double-blind crossover cycling trial

15 trained male cyclists and triathletes

Power-Based Running Durability in Trained Runners: Preliminary Evidence of Speed-Adjusted Mechanical Drift as a Marker of Fatigue.

Extracted

Repeated-measures treadmill study

12 trained trail runners, 6 women and 6 men, mean age 28.2 years

Original W'-balance models do not transfer to high-intensity interval training in trained adult runners: Proposal of a single-coefficient linear alternative.

Extracted

Within-participant field model comparison

27 trained runners aged 19–39 years, 25 men and 2 women

Palmar Cooling as a Thermoregulatory Intervention: Mechanistic Basis and Implications for Exercise and Clinical Applications.

Extracted

Narrative review with a structured search

24 reports with varied active/athletic samples, mostly fewer than 20 participants; no single pooled population

Palm cooling does not improve running performance.

Extracted

Random-order laboratory crossover

12participants; sex/age distribution unavailable in retrieved abstract

Conceptual Frameworks and Assessment of Readiness to Train in Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review.

Extracted

Systematic review, assessed from the primary structured abstract

Endurance-athlete studies eligible for ages 18–65; total participants, actual age/sex distribution and runner/ultra subsets unavailable in the accessed abstract

Sleep Strategies and Performance Outcomes in Ultramarathon Runners: A Systematic Review.

Extracted

Systematic review, assessed from the primary structured abstract

Review-reported 2262 ultramarathon participants across 9 studies; sex, age, terrain and event/stage-duration distributions unavailable in the accessed abstract; participant uniqueness not independently verified

Factors associated with changes in pain and fatigue after post-race massage therapy in Ironman triathletes: an observational study.

Extracted

Uncontrolled observational before/after study

738 Ironman triathletes at events in Brazil; sex/age distributions unavailable in accessed abstract

Cold-Water Immersion does not Improve Running Performance during Intensified Training.

Extracted

Assigned cold-water versus seated-rest comparison

17 recreational male runners; age distribution unavailable in accessed abstract

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Massage and Pneumatic Compression for Ultramarathon Recovery.

Extracted

Older randomized ultramarathon field trial

72 finishers/completers of the 2015 Western States 161 km ultramarathon; sex/age distributions not verified from accessed abstract